Abstract This work aimed to develop biodegradable films utilizing a new source of gelatin derived from the nutraceutical capsule manufacture waste of coconut with safflower oil, coconut oil and safflower oil. The mechanical, physicochemical, barrier, optical, biodegradation, thermal and morphological properties were evaluated. All films showed low water vapor permeability, intermediate water solubility and high elongation at break. In addition, the films exhibited excellent barrier ability to ultraviolet light. After 15 days of soil burial degradation, the films lost over 68% of initial weight. Scanning electron microscopy showed an appearance free of pores, cracks or bubbles. Furthermore the films showed similar characteristics independent of the waste utilized. The results demonstrated that all the biodegradable films prepared presented appropriate characteristics to be used as substitute to synthetic packaging.

Abstract Biodegradable films blends made of safflower oil nutraceutical capsules waste corn starch (20:4, 30:4, 40:4 and 50:4) were prepared. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of addition of different concentrations of safflower oil nutraceutical capsule waste in the mechanical properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, Young’s modulus) and thickness of corn starch films. A decrease in tensile strength and Young’s modulus and an increase in elongation at break were observed with the increase in the content of the nutraceutical capsule waste. The results showed that the blends of safflower oil capsules waste-corn starch films demonstrated promising characteristics to form biodegradable films with different mechanical characteristics.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os flocos de quinoa e os pães elaborados com o pseudocereal, tanto em relação a aspectos nutricionais por meio da análise da composição centesimal, do teor de tocoferóis, composição em ácidos graxos, quanto aos possíveis efeitos benéficos, através de experimento com ratos Wistar, consumindo ração comercial, suplementados ou não com flocos de quinoa e colesterol. Foram determinados: ganho de peso, consumo de alimento, peso e gordura do fígado e perfil lipídico do sangue e do fígado. Pelos resultados, verificou-se que o processamento afetou as características nutricionais dos pães, pois houve aumento significativo no teor de fibras totais, porém redução nas fibras solúveis. O aumento de fibras não influenciou no consumo alimentar nem no ganho de peso. Em relação à gordura do fígado dos ratos, o grupo que consumiu pão sem quinoa com colesterol apresentou maior teor de lipídios. A adição de quinoa incrementou significativamente o teor de alguns tipos de tocoferóis, principalmente no grupo de animais que consumiu o pão com 20% de quinoa, melhorando o perfil lipídico, tanto do sangue quanto do fígado, principalmente devido à redução do LDLoxidado.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate quinoa flakes and bread prepared with the pseudocereal with regard to nutritional aspects by determining chemical composition, content of tocopherols and fatty acid composition as well as to possible beneficial effects in Wistar rats given commercial feed supplemented or not with quinoa flakes and cholesterol. The following parameters were determined: weight gain, food intake, liver weight, fat in liver and lipid profile in blood and liver. The results showed that processing affected the nutritional characteristics of bread because there was a significant increase in dietary fiber content but reduction in soluble fiber. Increased fiber did not influence food intake or weight gain. Regarding fat in liver of rats, the group that consumed bread without quinoa but with cholesterol showed higher lipid content. The addition of quinoa increased significantly the level of all types of tocopherols, especially in the group of animals that consumed 20% quinoa bread, improving the lipid profile both in blood and liver, largely due to a reduction in oxidized LDL.

AbstractThe incorporation of fiber into products consumed every day by the general population is important and viable. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of incorporating orange juice industry dietary fiber byproducts in fettuccini of fresh pasta. Three different fiber concentrations were added to fresh pastas (25 g/kg, 50 g/kg and 75 g/kg). The results showed a significant increase in solid loss content when the incorporation of orange fiber was greater than 50 g/kg. This difference did not occur regarding weight increase values and color parameters. The pasta with 75 g/kg orange fiber can be considered a “high fiber” product, with the total dietary fiber content of the pasta increasing by 99% compared to control pasta. The carotenoid and phenolic contents of pasta increased significantly with the incorporation of fiber at 75 g/kg, but only the pasta formulation with 25 g/kg of orange fiber did not differ from control pasta in relation to all of the sensory attributes and presented an acceptance greater than 75%. The addition of orange fiber byproducts to pastas is an interesting alternative because fiber has a high nutritional value and an abundance of antioxidants.

O objetivo foi verificar a influência do sistema de cultivo, orgânico e convencional, sobre as características físicas e químicas e sobre a aceitação pelo consumidor de laranjas 'Valência' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.). Os pomares foram instalados no município de Montenegro, em julho de 2001, em espaçamento de 2,5mx5,0m, cada um possuindo uma área de 0,25ha. As avaliações foram realizadas a partir de amostras de frutos colhidas em setembro e outubro de 2011 e em outubro de 2012. Os parâmetros físicos e químicos analisados nos frutos foram: teor de suco (TS), teor de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT e índice de cor da casca.A avaliação da aceitação das laranjas foi realizada com avaliadores não treinados, e utilizando escala hedônica de nove pontos, que expressam o grau de gostar ou desgostar do produto. O delineamento experimental foi completamente casualizado. Os frutos apresentaram parâmetros de qualidade adequados aos padrões internacionais e não diferiram entre si quanto as suas características físicas e químicas na maioria dos atributos avaliados. A aceitação foi satisfatória em todos os atributos avaliados (todos superiores a 70%). As diferenças observadas nos atributos físicos e químicos não foram percebidas pelos avaliadores, não havendo, portanto, distinção na aceitação dos frutos pelo consumidor entre os sistemas de cultivo

The objective of the research was to investigate the influence of cultivating systems (organic and conventional) on physical and chemical attributes, and consumer acceptance of 'Valencia' oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.). The orchards were field planted in Montenegro, Brazil, in July 2001. Plants are spaced 2.5m in the row by 5.0m between rows, totaling 0.25ha each orchard. Evaluations were made using fruit samples collected in September and October of 2011, and October of 2012. The physical and chemical attributes evaluated were: juice contents (TS), soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), ratio SS/AT and color index in the peel (ICC). The oranges' consumer acceptance was determined by untrained evaluators using a nine-point hedonic scale, where the degree in which they'like' or 'dislike' the product is expressed. The experimental design was completely randomized. As results, oranges showed parameters of quality accordingly to international standards. The physical and chemical attributes were not different between conventional and organic systems for most attributes evaluated. Consumer acceptance was satisfactory in all attributes evaluated (all above 70%). The differences observed on the physical and chemical attributes were not perceived by the evaluators; therefore, there is no distinction on the acceptability of the fruits by consumers despite of the cultivation system

Os subprodutos da indústria de frutas possuem alta qualidade nutricional, de forma que sua transformação em ingredientes para aplicação em produtos alimentícios é de grande importância. No presente estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos da substituição total da gordura em pães de forma através da utilização de fibra de casca de laranja (0 a 5%), um subproduto industrial. A adição da fibra de laranja foi combinada ao uso de α-amilase (10 a 50ppm), através de um planejamento experimental fatorial completo 22. Para fins de comparação, foi elaborada uma formulação controle, sem fibras, sem enzimas e com 2% de gordura. A qualidade dos pães foi avaliada através de análises de vida útil (por índice de retrogradação, DSC), volume, cor, atividade de água e análise sensorial. A fibra de laranja, associada ao uso de enzimas, contrapôs os possíveis efeitos negativos causados pela ausência da gordura, para as concentrações de fibra e enzima estudadas, permitindo a obtenção de pães isentos de gordura e com fibras. A presença de 2,5% de fibra de laranja combinada ao uso de 30ppm de α-amilase gerou um pão com volume 23% maior ao alcançado pela amostra controle e com índice de aceitação em torno de 80%

Food industry byproducts have high nutritional quality, so that its transformation into ingredients for use in food products is of great importance. This study aimed to analyze the effects of total fat replacement in loaf bread, by adding orange peel fiber (0-5%), an industrial byproduct. The use of citrus fiber was combined with the addition of α -amylase (10 to 50ppm), by using a complete experimental factorial design (22). A formulation containing 2% of fat, without citrus fiber and enzyme was used as control. The breads quality was measured by analyzing shelf life (by Retrogradation Index determination), volume, crumb color, water activity and sensorial parameters. The citrus fiber in association with the addition of α-amylases neutralized the potential negative effects that the removal of fat could cause, considering the ranges of fiber and enzyme studied, allowing to obtain fat-free breads with fibers. The presence of 2.5% of citrus fiber combined with the use of 30ppm of α-amylase increased the volume of breads by 23%, comparing with the control formula, and had an acceptance index of around 80%

The objectives of this study were to physicochemically characterize and determine the antioxidant activities and anthocyanin contents of organic Rabbiteye blueberries grown in Southern Brazil and its derived products, in order to investigate the utility of food processing wastes as raw materials for developing products with beneficial health properties. The antioxidant capacity of the blueberries was superior to that of other fruits and juices. The pomace exhibited high activity, albeit lower than that of the fruit, while the flour and the dried blueberries lost 66% and 46% of the original antioxidant activity, respectively. The average anthocyanin contents of the fruits were moderate compared to other sources and species of blueberries. The pomace contains a large amount of anthocyanins while the flour and dried blueberries exhibited a 32% and 42% loss in anthocyanin content, respectively. The use of agro-industrial residues, in addition to adding value and minimizing the impact caused by the accumulation in the environment, can be directed toward the development of new products with bioactive properties.

O presente estudo foi o primeiro realizado para avaliar o efeito protetor e o potencial antioxidante de duas frutas nativas do sul do Brasil, conhecidas como Guabiju (Myrcianthes pungens (O. Berg) D. Legrand) e araçá vermelho (Psidium cattleyanum Sabine), em relação a reduzir os efeitos da hipercolesterolemia induzida pela cisplatina em ratos Wistar machos. Os animais tratados com a cisplatina apresentaram elevada taxa de glicose, altos níveis de colesterol LDL, colesterol LDL oxidado e colesterol total. Os frutos nativos atuaram protegendo os animais pela redução destes parâmetros. Os níveis de gordura no fígado melhoraram com a suplementação pelos frutos e não houve diferenças nas substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) e níveis de creatina, uréia e colesterol HDL e, também, no peso dos órgãos analisados, indicando que a dose utilizada não foi capaz de afetar tais marcadores.

The present study was the first to examine the protective effect and antioxidant potential of two fruits native to the south of Brazil, namely guabiju (Myrcianthes pungens (O. Berg) D. Legrand) and red guava (Psidium cattleyanumSabine), with respect to reducing the effects of cisplatin-induced hypercholesterolemia in male Wistarrats. The cisplatin-treated animals showed high glucose, LDL cholesterol, oxidized LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol levels. These native fruits reversed the increase in these parameters. The fat levels in the liver improved with supplementation with the fruits, and there were no differences in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), creatinine, urea or HDL cholesterol levels, nor in the weight of the organs analyzed, indicating that the dose used did not affect these markers.

Stability of minimally processed radicchio (Cichorium intybus L.) was evaluated under modified atmosphere (2% O2, 5% CO2, and 93% N2) on 3, 5, 7 and 10 days of storage at 5°C. The samples were hygienized in sodium hypochlorite or hydrogen peroxide solutions to identify the most effective sanitizing solution to remove microorganisms. Microbiological analysis was conducted to identify the presence of coliforms at 35°C and 45°C, mesophilic microorganisms, and yeast and mold. Physicochemical analyses of mass loss, pH, soluble solids, and total acidity were conducted. The color measurements were performed using a Portable Colorimeter model CR-400. The antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic methods. The sensory evaluation was carried out using a hedonic scale to test overall acceptance of the samples during storage. The sodium hypochlorite (150 mg.L-1) solution provided greater safety to the final product. The values of pH ranged from 6.17 to 6.25, total acidity from 0.405 to 0.435%, soluble solids from 0.5 to 0.6 °Brix, mass loss from 1.7 to 7.2%, and chlorophyll from 1.068 to 0.854 mg/100g. The antioxidant activity of radicchio did not show significant changes during the first 3 days of storage. The overall acceptance of the sample stored in the sealed package without modified atmosphere was 70%, while the fresh sample was obtained 77% of approval. Although the samples packaged under modified atmosphere had a higher acceptance score, the samples in sealed packages had satisfactory results during the nine days of storage. The use of modified atmosphere, combined with cooling and good manufacturing practices, was sufficient to prolong the life of minimally processed radicchio, Folha Larga cultivar, for up to ten days of storage.

Orange fiber was used as a novel fat replacer in light lemon ice cream. Nine ice cream formulations were compared: standard control ice cream (IC); ice cream with fiber (F1) from the peel, bagasse, and orange seed (ICA and ICB); ice cream with fiber (F2) from the orange peel alone (ICC and ICD); ice cream with fiber (F3) from the peel, bagasse, and orange seed pretreated with hydro-distillation (ICE and ICF); and ice cream with fiber (F4) from the orange peel pretreated with hydro-distillation (ICG and ICH).The orange fiber reduced the ice cream fat content (50 %) and the overrun ratio and increased the fiber content and the hardness, gumminess, and springiness values, but it did not affect the adhesiveness and odor of the samples. The samples with 1.0 % of orange fiber showed low melting rate values than those of the control ice cream. The overall acceptance of the ice cream with 1.0 % of pre-treated orange peel fiber did not differ from that of the control ice cream (80 %). The orange fiber proved a promising food ingredient since it can be used to decrease the fat content and increase bioactive compounds content, such as fiber and carotenoids.

No desenvolvimento de produtos, é de suma importância o conhecimento da influência das modificações da formulação nas propriedades sensoriais, físicas e químicas destes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar sobremesas à base de soja com e sem adição de mucilagem de chia, utilizada como espessante alimentar. As formulações foram caracterizadas quanto as suas propriedades reológicas, °Brix, pH e cor. O perfil sensorial foi determinado por Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ), utilizando-se uma equipe de 10 julgadores treinados. Os resultados mostraram que as amostras não diferiram quanto aos valores de pH, °Brix e coordenada cromática a*. Quanto aos outros parâmetros de cor e reológicos, foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre as amostras, o que mostra a influência do tipo de espessante nestas características. Os resultados da ADQ mostraram que as amostras não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas quanto aos atributos, cor rosa, sabor de goiaba, sabor de soja e cremosidade, porém diferiram quanto à consistência. Com isso, conclui-se que a adição da mucilagem de chia pode ser feita sem causar grandes modificações ao produto.

In product development is important to study the influence of ingredients in the physical, chemical and sensory properties of the product. The aim of this study was to characterize soy-based desserts with and without addition of chia mucilage, used as food thickener. The formulations were characterized for their rheological properties, °Brix, pH and color. The sensory profile was determined by Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA) using 10 trained judges. The results regarding to pH, ° Brix and color coordinate a* did not differ. Unlike these parameters, the other chromaticity coordinates and the rheological properties presented significant statistical differences between the samples. The QDA results showed that the samples did not differ as to the attributes, color, pink guava flavor, creaminess and flavor of soy, but differed in consistency. Thus, it is concluded that the addition of mucilage chia can be made without causing major changes to the product.

A procura por alimentos mais saudáveis por parte dos consumidores tem impulsionado as indústrias de alimentos a desenvolverem alimentos que contenham menor teor de gordura, contudo sem alterar as características sensoriais e nutricionais dos produtos. A indústria de sorvetes é uma das que mais utiliza gordura em suas formulações, contendo, em média, 10% desse ingrediente. Uma alternativa para a substituição de gorduras é a fibra de frutas cítricas, que vem sendo utilizada com sucesso, reduzindo o teor de gordura na indústria de embutidos, por exemplo. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características sensoriais e físico-químicas de sorvetes elaborados com fibra de casca de laranja amarga comercial como substituto da gordura. Foram utilizadas duas formulações com concentrações diferentes de fibra de laranja (F1 com 0,74% e F2 com 1,10% de fibra) e uma formulação controle (com gordura). Para as duas formulações, foram encontrados valores condizentes com a literatura para a composição centesimal do sorvete. Em relação ao valor energético dos sorvetes, foi observada uma redução de mais de 25%, indicando que o produto pode ter alegação de light. Para o teor de fibra dos sorvetes, os valores observados foram de F1 1,4% e F2, 2,0%, podendo considerar o sorvete da formulação F2 como fonte de fibras. Os atributos de cor, odor e textura não apresentaram diferenças entre as amostras. Já sabor, sabor residual e aceitação global obtiveram diferenças entre as amostras com fibra e a controle. Os sorvetes elaborados com fibra de casca de laranja obtiveram índices de aceitação de 78%.

The demand for healthier foods by consumers has driven the food industry to develop foods that contain less fat, however without altering the sensory characteristics and nutritional products. The ice cream industry is one that uses more fat in their formulations, containing on average 10% of this ingredient. An alternative to the replacement of fat is the fiber of citrus fruits, which has been used successfully by reducing the fat content in the meat industry, for example. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the sensory characteristics and physical-chemical ice cream made with fiber commercial bitter orange peel as a substitute for fat. Two formulations with different concentrations of orange fiber (F1 and F2 with 0.74% to 1.10% fiber) and a control formulation (with fat) were used. The two formulations were found consistent with the literature values for the chemical composition of ice cream. Regarding the energy value of ice cream was observed reduction of more than 25%, indicating that the product may claim "light". For the fiber content of the cream, the values were 1.4% of F1 and F2, 2.0%, can consider ice cream formulation F2 as a source of fiber. The attributes of color, odor and texture didn't differ between samples. Already flavor, after taste and overall acceptability differences between samples obtained with fiber and control. Ice cream prepared with fiber obtained orange peel acceptance rates of 78%

A fermentação sourdough para a produção de pães é fortemente motivada por seus efeitos benéficos quanto ao sabor, textura, vida de prateleira e pelas propriedades nutricionais dos produtos obtidos. Nesta pesquisa, estudou-se a aplicação dos micro-organismos Kluyveromyces marxianus, Dekkera bruxellensis e Lactobacillus plantarum como culturas starters alternativas na produção de pães. A partir de sete ensaios resultantes de um delineamento de mistura simplex-centroide, foram realizadas nos pães análises sensorial e instrumental. Observou-se que pães produzidos com L. plantarum apresentaram menor volume específico, enquanto que a mistura entre K. marxianus e L. plantarum exerceu influência positiva, possibilitando obter produtos de maior volume específico. A análise sensorial demonstrou a boa aceitabilidade para os pães produzidos com a mistura entre D. bruxellensis e K. marxianus e para a mistura entre os três micro-organismos. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram a possibilidade do uso de culturas starters definidas para a fermentação sourdough, que é tradicionalmente obtida sem controle de processo.

The sourdough fermentation in bread making is strongly motivated due to its beneficial aspects on flavor, texture, shelf life, and the nutritional properties of the obtained products. In this research, the yeasts Kluyveromyces marxianus and Dekkera bruxellensis, and the bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum were used as alternative starter cultures in bread making. Experimental designs generated from simplex-centroid mixture were used in the sensorial analyses of breads. Results have shown that bread obtained with pure cultures of L. plantarum presented the smallest specific volume, while the mixture of K. marxianus and L. plantarum positively influenced the formation of good specific volume of products. Sensorial analysis showed good acceptability for breads obtained with D. bruxellensis and K. marxianus mixture, as well as for the mixture of the three microorganisms. The results obtained in this research suggest the possibility of using defined starter cultures for sourdough fermentation, which is traditionally carried out without any process controls.

A quinoa é um pseudocereal, cultivada principalmente na região andina. Tem sido descrita como uma importante fonte de proteínas de alta digestibilidade e apresenta composição equilibrada de aminoácidos e alto teor de lipídios, principalmente ácidos graxos insaturados. Atrai a atenção dos pesquisadores por causa da sua superior qualidade nutricional em relação a outros cereais. A caracterização química dos flocos de quinoa foi feita por meio da determinação de umidade, cinzas, lipídios, composição de ácidos graxos, proteínas, aminograma, fibras e suas frações, tocoferóis, sódio, cálcio, ferro, zinco e fósforo. Os flocos apresentaram altos teores de proteína, fibras, fósforo e ferro, quando comparados com o que a legislação vigente determina. Houve equilíbrio no balanceamento de aminoácidos e entre fibras solúveis e insolúveis. Na composição de ácidos graxos, destacou-se o oleico, sendo este imprescindível à saúde. Pelos resultados obtidos nas análises, deve-se explorar o uso desse pseudocereal em produtos alimentícios com a finalidade de agregar valor nutricional e produzir alimentos que contribuam para o bem-estar e a saúde do indivíduo.

Quinoa is a pseudocereal planted mainly in the Andes region. It has been described as an important source of highly digestible proteins with a balanced amino acid composition, and with a high level of lipids, mainly unsaturated fatty acids. It has attracted the attention of researchers due to its superior nutritional quality when compared to other cereals. The chemical characterization of the quinoa flakes was carried out by determining the moisture content, ash, lipids, fatty acid composition, proteins, amino-gram, fibers and their fractions, tocopherols, sodium, calcium, iron, zinc and phosphorous. The flakes presented high levels of protein, fibers, phosphorous and iron, when compared to current legislation. There was equilibrium in the amino acid balance and between the soluble and insoluble fibers. In the fatty acid composition, oleic acid, which is indispensable for health, stood out. From the results obtained in the analysis, one should explore the use of this pseudocereal in food products, aiming at adding nutritional value and producing foods which contribute to the well-being and health of the person.

Avaliou-se a percepção da qualidade intrínseca dos vinhos finos tintos elaborados no Rio Grande do Sul em comparação com seus principais concorrentes da Argentina e Chile. A análise sensorial foi realizada por 31 consumidores da classe de maior poder aquisitivo de Porto Alegre. O teste de aceitação propôs escalas hedônicas para avaliar os atributos sensoriais dos produtos. A análise estatística valeu-se de ANOVA e teste de Tukey. Os resultados demonstraram que a qualidade intrínseca dos vinhos brasileiros não representa um fator restritivo à competitividade do setor que pode ser alavancada com o desenvolvimento de estratégias de marketing consistentes.

This study evaluates the intrinsic quality of red wines from Rio Grande do Sul in comparison with their main competitors from Argentina and Chile. The organoleptic was evaluated by 31 consumers from Porto Alegre - representing the social segment with the upper purchasing power. The test proposed hedonic scales to evaluate the organoleptic attributes of the wines. The statistical analysis was based on the ANOVA and Tukey tests. The results demonstrated that the intrinsic quality perception of red wines produced in Rio Grande do Sul do not restrain the industry competitiveness which can be strengthened by consistent marketing strategies.